Turbines rotate due to force exerted by one or more water jets that are directed tangentially onto the turbine’s vanes or buckets. For example, in hydropower plants, turbines are utilized to generate electricity. Practical ApplicationĮngineers and designers use the momentum equation to accurately calculate the force that moving fluid may exert on a solid body. The study of these forces is essential to the study of fluid mechanics and hydraulic machinery. The force exerted by a jet of fluid on a flat or curve surface can be resolved by applying the momentum equation. These forces can be determined, as in solid mechanics, by the use of Newton’s second law, or by the momentum equation. To analyze fluid motion, a finite region of the fluid (control volume) is usually selected, and the gross effects of the flow, such as its force or torque on an object, is determined by calculating the net mass rate that flows into and out of the control volume. Moving fluid, in natural or artificial systems, may exert forces on objects in contact with it.
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